BEARS ALL
THINGS: panta stegei, (3SPAI):
(1Cor 13:4; Numbers 11:12, 13, 14;
Deuteronomy 1:9; Proverbs 10:12; Song 8:6,7; Romans 15:1; Galatians
6:2; Hebrews 13:13; 1Peter 2:24; 4:8)
Keep the Paul's
flow of thought in mind...
The Primacy
of Love |
1Corinthians 13:1-3 |
The Perfection
of Love |
1Corinthians 13:4-7 |
The Permanence
of Love |
1Corinthians 13:8-13 |
As discussed below the verb
stego has two shades of meaning and thus this verse could mean
that love bears all things in the sense that it patiently endures all
things or (the meaning I favor for Paul has "endures" at the end of
this verse which would be repetitious) that it hides or conceals the
faults of others.
It is always ready to make
allowances, to trust, to hope and to endure whatever comes. (NJB)
She knows how to be silent. She is
full of trust, full of hope, full of patient endurance.
(Weymouth)
If you love someone, you will be
loyal to him no matter what the cost. You will always believe in him,
always expect the best of him, and always stand your ground in
defending him. (TLB)
Love is always supportive, loyal,
hopeful, and trusting. (CEV)
Love has the power of undergoing
all things, having faith in all things, hoping all things. (BBE)
Puts up with anything, Trusts God
always, Always looks for the best, Never looks back, But keeps going
to the end. (The Message)
Love enables us to endure
everything; it enables us in every circumstance to keep on believing,
to keep our confidence in God, and to remain patient no matter what
happens to us. (UBS)
(Love) never gives up (GNB)
Note that all
four of the main verbs in this verse are
present tense
indicating these attitudes/actions are to be one's lifestyle, and thus
represent a continuous choice we must make. Note however that to make
such a choice is impossible for our fallen nature
inherited from Adam, but only Him-possible , that is by
the strengthening and enablement of Holy Spirit Who indwells every
believer. Believers can love only ''according to His power which
mightily works within us''. Amen!
Note also that
the phrase "all things" is repeated four times for emphasis. In this
verse Paul lists four aspects of love, which when taken together,
teach us that no matter how desperate our circumstances may be, love
never gives up.
Bears (4722)
(stego from stege = a thatch or roof or covering of a
building) derives its first meaning from stege and thus means
to cover closely, to protect by covering and then, to conceal and then, by covering, to
bear up under. Note that at the core of its meaning stego
denotes an activity or state which blocks entry from without or exit
from within.
Stego occurs
in the apocryphal book Sirach 8:17 describing the fool who will not be
able to conceal the matter.
Moffatt
translates it "slow to expose".
BDAG
notes that stego in the Greek papyri was used frequently...
in the sense of covering or
enclosing in such a way as to keep something undesirable from coming
in, as water into a ship.
Friberg
adds that stego means...
strictly put a roof on; hence
cover, keep silent about, keep confidential
Vincent
writes that stego
keeps out resentment as the ship
keeps out the water, or the roof the rain.
W E Vine
states that...
the verb stego, to bear,
signifies that what is mentioned either supports what is placed upon
it, or covers what is placed underneath it. The former idea is
prominent in 1Corinthians 9:12; 1Thessalonians 3:1; 3:5
(notes).
The present statement may convey both ideas, for love acts in both
ways in bearing all things. That which covers both protects what is
covered, by keeping off all that is hostile, and in doing so endures
the hostility (cp. 1Cor 9:12). (Vine,
W. Collected writings of W. E. Vine. Nashville: Thomas Nelson
or
Logos)
F F Bruce
comments that...
Love covers unworthy things rather
than bringing them to the light and magnifying them. It puts up with
everything. It is always eager to believe the best and to "put the
most favorable construction on ambiguous actions." (Bruce, F. F. 1 and
2 Corinthians. New Century Bible Series. 1971)
Robertson and
Plummer offer the caveat that even though agape love covers others
faults and sins this does not mean...
that a Christian is to allow
himself to be fooled by every rogue, or to pretend that he believes
that white is black. But in doubtful cases he will prefer being too
generous in his conclusions to suspecting another unjustly.
(Robertson, A T and Plummer, A. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary
on the First Epistle of St Paul to the Corinthians. International
Critical Commentary series. Second ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1963)
Love is that
beautiful virtue that throws a cloak of silence over what is
displeasing in another person. From this meaning one derives the
picture of covering things with the cloak of love. In addition, in
favor of the intended meaning as covers over, protects, etc is the
fact that this translation would eliminate redundancy for the last
clause also reads endures all things.
Stego is
used only 4 times in the NT...
1Corinthians 9:12 If others
share the right over you, do we not more? Nevertheless, we did not use
this right, but we endure all things, that we may cause no
hindrance to the gospel of Christ.
1Corinthians 13:7 bears all
things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things.
1Thessalonians 3:1
Therefore when we could endure (stego) it no longer, we thought
it best to be left behind at Athens alone. (See
note
1Thessalonians 3:1)
1Thessalonians 3:5 For this reason, when I
could endure (stego) it no longer, I also sent to find out
about your faith, for fear that the tempter might have tempted you,
and our labor should be in vain. (note)
(Comment: As explained above, this does not appear to be Paul's
primary intended meaning here in 1Corinthians 13:7)
Spirit
controlled and empowered believers love as a lifestyle by choosing as
an act of their will (even that choice enabled by the Spirit Ezekiel
36:27, Php 2:13-note)
to cover over in silence, to ''hide'' the faults of others, to bear
with or endure. Love doesn’t broadcast another's problems to everyone.
Love doesn’t run down others with jokes, sarcasm or put-downs. Love
defends the character of the other person as much as possible within
the limits of truth. Love won’t lie about weak nesses, but neither
will it deliberately expose and emphasize them. Love protects.
And so instead
of becoming embittered (Col 3:19-note)
the Spirit filled (Ep 5:18-note)
husband "covers" his wife's faults and frailties. This does not mean
one turns grace into licentiousness but that he lives with his wife in
an understanding way (1Pe 3:7-note)...he
gets to know her...he loves her sacrificially and selflessly as Christ
loved the church (Eph 5;25-note).
Authentic Agape
Love continually seeks to cover and protect (NIV ''love always
protects'') the object that is loved and for husbands this applies
especially to our wives! Love protects other people. It doesn't
broadcast bad news. It goes the second mile to protect another
person's reputation. Love doesn't point out every flaw of the ones you
love. Love doesn't criticize in public.
Wesley
writes that...
Whatever evil the lover of mankind
sees, hears, or knows of any one, he mentions it to none; it never
goes out of his lips, unless where absolute duty constrains to speak.
(Wesley's Notes: First Corinthians)
MacDonald
adds that...
Love does not needlessly
publicize the failures of others, though it must be firm in giving
godly discipline when necessary. (MacDonald,
W & Farstad, A. Believer's Bible Commentary: Thomas Nelson or
Logos)
Peter made a
similar statement in his first epistle exhorting his readers...
Above all, keep fervent in your
love for one another, because love covers (kalupto =
throws a veil over - continually =
present tense)
a multitude of sins. (1Pe 4:8-note)
John MacArthur adds that the
verb stego...
basically means to cover or to
support and therefore to protect. Love bears all things by
protecting others from exposure, ridicule, or harm. Genuine love does
not gossip or listen to gossip. Even when a sin is certain, love tries
to correct it with the least possible hurt and harm to the guilty
person. Love never protects sin but is anxious to protect the sinner.
Fallen human nature has the opposite inclination. There is perverse
pleasure in exposing someone’s faults and failures. As already
mentioned, that is what makes gossip appealing. The Corinthians cared
little for the feelings or welfare of fellow believers. It was every
person for himself. Like the Pharisees, they paid little attention to
others, except when those others were failing or sinning. Man’s
depravity causes him to rejoice in the depravity of others. It is that
depraved pleasure that sells magazines and newspapers that cater to
exposes, “true confessions,” and the like. It is the same sort of
pleasure that makes children tattle on brothers and sisters. Whether
to feel self–righteous by exposing another’s sin or to enjoy that sin
vicariously, we all are tempted to take a certain kind of pleasure in
the sins of others. Love has no part in that. It does not expose or
exploit, gloat or condemn. It bears; it does not bare. (MacArthur,
J: 1Corinthians. Chicago: Moody Press
or
Logos)
BELIEVES ALL
THINGS: panta pisteuei, (3SPAI):
(Psalms 119:66)
Believes
(4100)
(pisteuo from
pistis = faith, trust, belief)
Paul is not
saying that love is gullible and believes everything and does not exercise qualities
such as wisdom and discernment. What he is saying is that love will
believe well of others unless convinced otherwise. It seeks to put
the best possible construction on another's words, actions, etc.
In this context
believes all things implies that love sees the best in others
or gives the other person the benefit of the doubt.
Vine
explains the phrase love believes all things...
does not mean that it accepts as
true all that is stated. Love is never taken in thus. It is, however,
ready to impute the best motives even to one whose act is unkind or
detrimental. In bearing with evil conduct, it seeks to avoid undue
suspicion. Where there is any element of doubt as to the real
intention, love decides to regard it as good and honest. (Vine,
W. Collected writings of W. E. Vine. Nashville: Thomas Nelson
or
Logos)
Jameison
says that this love...
unsuspiciously believes all that is
not palpably false, all that it can with a good conscience believe to
the credit of another.
Paul's
letter to the Philippians he prays for a love that is discerning,
asking that their...
love may abound (excel)
still more and more in real knowledge (see study of
epignosis) and all discernment (see
study of
aisthesis)
so that you may approve (see study of
dokimazo) the things that are
excellent, in order to be sincere (see study of
eilikrines)
and blameless (see study of
aproskopos)
until the day of Christ (Php 1:9,10-note)
The love that
believes has faith in God, Who will work out His divine plans even
when all the indicators seem to point in different directions. To
"believe all things" means that love believes the best that is
possible as long as that can be done. Love gives the benefit of the
doubt. It takes people at their highest and best-not at their lowest
and worst.
Augustine
interprets this as “believing the best” about all people.
Calvin
writes that Paul is not saying...
that a Christian…strips himself of
wisdom and discernment…not that he has forgotten how to distinguish
black from white!”
Pfeiffer
writes that this aspect of love is not a sanction to...
does not include gullibility. It
means, rather, that the believer is not to be suspicious. If, however,
sin is evident, the believer must judge it and support its discipline.
From this description of love, it is evident that Moffatt is right in
saying, “The lyric is thus a lancet.” (Pfeiffer,
C F: Wycliffe Bible Commentary. 1981. Moody
or
Logos)
The Pulpit
Commentary says that the one who believes all things...
Takes the best and kindest views of
all men and all circumstances, as long as it is possible to do so. It
is the opposite to the common spirit, which drags everything in
deteriorem partem, paints it in the darkest colours, and makes the
worst of it. Love is entirely alien from the spirit of the cynic, the
pessimist, the ecclesiastical rival, the anonymous slanderer, the
secret detractor. (The
Pulpit Commentary: New Testament;
Old Testament; Ages Software
or
Logos)
Robertson and
Plummer write that...
This does not mean, as Calvin
points out, that a Christian is to allow himself to be fooled by every
rogue, or to pretend that he believes that white is black. But in
doubtful cases he will prefer being too generous in his conclusions to
suspecting another unjustly. While he is patient with (στέλει) the
mischief which his neighbour undoubtedly does, he credits him with
good intentions, which he perhaps does not possess. This
characteristic, with the next pair, forms a climax. When Love has no
evidence, it believes the best. When the evidence is adverse, it hopes
for the best. And when hopes are repeatedly disappointed, it still
courageously waits. (Robertson, A., & Plummer, A. A Critical and
Exegetical Commentary on the First epistle of St. Paul to the
Corinthians. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1911)
Barnes
writes that believes all things...
cannot mean that the man who is
under the influence of love is a man of universal credulity; that he
makes no discrimination in regard to things to be believed; and is as
prone to believe a falsehood as the truth; or that he is at no pains
to inquire what is true and what is false, what is right and what is
wrong. But it must mean, that in regard to the conduct of others,
there is a disposition to put the best construction on it; to believe
that they may be actuated by good motives, and that they intend no
injury; and that there is a willingness to suppose, as far as can be,
that what is done is done consistently with friendship, good feeling,
and virtue. Love produces this, because it rejoices in the happiness
and virtue of others, and will not believe the contrary except on
irrefragable evidence. (Albert Barnes. Barnes NT Commentary)
Cole
explains love believes all things this way writing that...
love believes the other person is
innocent until proven guilty, not guilty until proven innocent. If
there is a problem, love doesn’t jump immediately to blame the other
person. In the family, trust shows itself by not grilling the other
per-son about every detail of his story, like an attorney
cross-examining a defendant. It means believing in your kids,
expressing confidence in them. I’m thankful that my parents trusted me
as a teenager; it made me want to live up to that trust. One of my
friends had parents who did not trust him, and he lived up to their
distrust! Some-times you will get ripped off when you trust, but love
persists in trusting.
Barclay
writes that...
This characteristic has a twofold
aspect. (i) In relation to God it means that love takes God at his
word, and can take every promise which begins “Whosoever” and say,
“That means me.” (ii) In relation to our fellow men it means that
love always believes the best about other people. (Barclay,
W: The Daily Study Bible Series. The Westminster Press
or
Logos)
HOPES ALL
THINGS: panta elpizei, (3SPAI):
(Luke 7:37, 38, 39,44, 45, 46;
19:4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10; Romans 8:24)
Hopes
(1679)
(elpizo from
elpis = hope,
conveying as the main element a sense of confidence)
(see in depth study of the believer's hope -
The Blessed Hope) means to look forward w
confidence to that which is good and beneficial. In the present
context of interpersonal relationships, it means that the one who
loves, looks at the bright side of things and does not despair (and
certainly does not convey a sense of despair to the other person). Love
is not pessimistic but shows a godly optimism. Supernatural love does
not have a negative and critical spirit, but is always positive and
hopeful. This love hopes for what is good for another, even when
others have ceased to hope.
Elpizo -
31x in 31v in the NAS - Matt. 12:21; Lk. 6:34; 23:8; 24:21; Jn. 5:45;
Acts 24:26; 26:7; Rom. 8:24f; 15:12, 24; 1 Co. 13:7; 15:19; 16:7; 2
Co. 1:10, 13; 5:11; 8:5; 13:6; Phil. 2:19, 23; 1 Tim. 3:14; 4:10; 5:5;
6:17; Philemon 1:22; Heb. 11:1; 1 Pet. 1:13; 3:5; 2 Jn. 1:12; 3 Jn.
1:14
The NAS
renders elpizo as expect(1), expected(1), fix their hope(1),
fix your hope(1), fixed her hope(1), fixed our hope(1), hope(14),
hoped(3), hopes(1), hoping(4), set our hope(1), set your hope(1),
trust(1).
This aspect of
agape love manifests a "Romans
8:28
attitude" in the sense that it earnestly desires that all things
work out for the best.
Kistemaker
has an interesting note writing about the Christian triad of faith,
hope and love explaining that...
Of these three virtues, hope
is often the neglected member overshadowed by faith. Nevertheless,
when a tripod loses one of its legs, its fall is inevitable. When a
Christian nurtures love and faith but neglects hope, he fails
and falters in his spiritual life. Paul frequently writes the verb to
hope, which appears in his epistles nineteen times out of a
total of thirty-one occurrences in the New Testament. Hope is
patient, waiting for positive results that eventually may be realized.
Hope is the converse of pessimism and the essence of healthy optimism.
Hope is never focused on oneself but always on God in Christ Jesus. (Hendriksen,
W., & Kistemaker, S. J. NT Commentary Set. Baker Book
or
Logos)
The Pulpit
Comment laments that...
Christians seem to have lost sight
altogether of the truth that hope is something more than the result of
a sanguine temperament, that it is a gift and a grace. Hope is averse
to sourness and gloom. It takes sunny and cheerful views of man, of
the world, and of God because it is a sister of love. (The
Pulpit Commentary: New Testament;
Old Testament; Ages Software
or
Logos)
Barnes
explains hopes all things...
Hopes that all will turn out well.
This must also refer to the conduct of others; and it means, that
however dark may be appearances; how much soever there may be to
produce the fear that others are actuated by improper motives or are
bad men, yet that there is a hope that matters may be explained and
made clear; that the difficulties may be made to vanish; and that the
conduct of others may be made to appear to be fair and pure. Love will
hold on to this hope until all possibility of such a result has
vanished, and it is compelled to believe that the conduct is not
susceptible of a fair explanation. This hope will extend to all
things--to words, and actions, and plans; to public and to private
intercourse; to what is said and done in our own presence, and to what
is said and done in our absence. Love will do this, because it
delights in the virtue and happiness of others, and will not credit
anything to the contrary unless compelled to do so. (Albert
Barnes. Barnes NT Commentary)
Vine
explains the phrase love hopes all things as
love delights to entertain the best
expectations. If there is absence of anything to prompt them, the hope
is there; if conditions are adverse, love still hopes for the best.
Even if the hope meets with repeated disappointment, love waits on
expectantly and perseveringly. This is part of love’s endurance. (Vine,
W. Collected writings of W. E. Vine. Nashville: Thomas Nelson
or
Logos)
MacArthur writes...
I heard the story of a dog who
stayed at the airport of a large city for over five years waiting for
his master to return. Employees and others fed the dog and took care
of him, but he would not leave the spot where he last saw his master.
He would not give up hope that someday they would be reunited. If a
dog’s love for his master can produce that kind of hope, how much
longer should our love make hope last? (MacArthur,
J: 1Corinthians. Chicago: Moody Press
or
Logos)
ENDURES ALL
THINGS: panta hupomenei. (3SPAI):
(1Cor 9:18, 19, 20, 21, 22; Genesis
29:20; Job 13:15; Matthew 10:22; 2Corinthians 11:8, 9, 10, 11, 12;
2The 1:4; 2Ti 2:3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,24; 3:11; 4:5; Jas 1:12)
Endures
(5278)
(hupomeno from hupo = under + meno = abide,
remain) literally means to remain or abide under and figuratively
refers to abiding under not simply with stoical resignation, but with
a vibrant hope. It describes is not the spirit which can passively
bear things, but the spirit which, in bearing them, can conquer and
transmute them. The idea is to continue in an activity despite
resistance and opposition. Hupomeno (present
tense) speaks of
perseverance and tenacity in all circumstances. It means to endure in
times of pain, suffering, deprivation, hatred, loss, and loneliness.
To reiterate,
this attribute of love means the believer endures patiently and
triumphantly and is not passively putting up with the deluge of
difficulties. Obviously a love that supernaturally endures like this
can only be carried out by a believer who is filled with and
strengthened by the Holy Spirit (Ep 3:16-note;Ep
5:18-note).
The suffering which the apostles and early Christians had to endure
for the sake of the gospel is eloquent testimony of their authentic,
fervent love for God.
Hupomeno
- 17x in 16v in the NAS - Matt. 10:22; 24:13; Mk. 13:13; Lk.
2:43; Acts 17:14; Rom. 12:12; 1 Co. 13:7; 2 Tim. 2:10, 12; Heb. 10:32;
12:2f, 7; Jas. 1:12; 5:11; 1 Pet. 2:20
The NAS
renders hupomeno as endure(3), endure with patience(1),
endured(5), endures(3), patiently endure(1),perseveres(1),
persevering(1), remained(1), stayed behind(1).
In secular Greek
hupomeno was a military term used of an army’s holding a vital
position at all costs. Every hardship and every suffering was to be
endured in order to hold fast. As applied to agape love, Paul is
saying that this supernatural love is able to sustain the assaults of
an enemy. This love is enabled by the Holy Spirit to endure
persecutions in a patient and loving spirit with no desire to
retaliate or reject. It remains steadfast in the face of unpleasant
circumstances.
As discussed
earlier (1Co
13:4-note), hupomeno refers to one’s response toward
circumstances, denoting perseverance in the face of difficulties
whereas the closely related verb makrothumeo refers to one’s response
toward people, denoting a patient endurance of the faults and even
provocations of others without retaliating.)
Barnes explains that agape
love...
Bears up under, sustains, and does
not murmur. Bears up under all persecutions at the hand of man; all
efforts to injure the person, property, or reputation; and bears all
that may be laid upon us in the providence and by the direct agency of
God. Comp. Job 13:15. The connexion requires us to understand it
principally of our treatment at the hands of our fellow-men. (Albert
Barnes. Barnes NT Commentary)
The Pulpit Commentary
comments on what is to be endured writing...
Whether the “seventy times seven”
offences of a brother (Luke 17:4), or the wrongs of patient merit (see
note
2 Timothy 2:24),
or the sufferings and self denials and persecutions of the life spent
in doing good (see note
2 Timothy 2:10).
The reader need hardly be reminded that in these verses he has a
picture of the life and character of Christ. (The
Pulpit Commentary: New Testament;
Old Testament; Ages Software
or
Logos)
Thiselton writes that this...
refers to an endurance of setbacks
and rebuffs which never gives up on people, whatever they do.
(Thiselton, A. C. The First Epistle to the Corinthians : A
Commentary on the Greek Text. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W. B. Eerdmans)
Robertson and
Plummer write that endures all things...
is that cheerful and loyal
fortitude which, having done all without apparent success, still
stands and endures, whether the ingratitude of friends or the
persecution of foes. (Robertson, A., & Plummer, A. A Critical and
Exegetical Commentary on the First epistle of St. Paul to the
Corinthians. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1911)
Ray Pritchard gets to the
heart of the matter asking...
How can we live this way? How can
we truly love without envy, without a quick temper, without seeking
our own interests, and without thinking evil of others? The answer is,
we can't. In ourselves we have no power to live this way. That's why
it doesn't work to say, "Let's give it the old college try and really
go out there and love everyone we meet." We will never talk ourselves
into loving like this, and the sooner we admit that fact, the better
off we'll be. This isn't some kind of rah-rah competition where we try
to prove our love by our enthusiasm.
Sooner or later we have to get down to the bottom of things and admit
the truth. "O God, I hate my husband. I hate my wife. I can't stand my
children. My parents are driving me nuts. I hate the people I work
with and I don't like the folks at church. I don't love my neighbors
and I can barely stand to see my own family. O God, help me. I don't
love anyone right now. And even though no one else knows it or sees
it, I'm an angry person, filled with bad thoughts and completely
lacking in any kind of love. If you don't help me, I will never love
anyone because I know I can't change the way I am. Lord God, please
help me. Change me. Let your love flow through me. If you want me to
love others, you're going to have to do it through me because I can't
do it myself." That's the kind of prayer God loves to answer.
I also think it helps to replace "love" with "Jesus" in this passage:
"Jesus is patient, Jesus is kind, Jesus does not envy, Jesus thinks no
evil, Jesus is not quick-tempered, Jesus does not rejoice in what is
evil." If we want to love, we need more of Jesus in our lives. Run to
the Cross. Stand there and behold the One who died for you. Look to
Jesus. Stand next to Him. Let His love fill your heart. If you will
come close to Jesus, His love will begin to fill your heart and you
will find yourself filled with supernatural love for others. Your life
will begin to change as Jesus becomes preeminent in your heart.
Now as we come to the end, I'd like to give you some homework. Take
some time this week to consider the eleven qualities of love in this
passage. Think about them one by one. How do you measure up? Where are
you strong and where are you weak? Which three qualities stand out as
the greatest need in your life right now? Circle those three and begin
to pray about them. Write down one practical step you can take in each
of those areas this week. And ask God to help you grow strong in love.
There is a second part of this assignment. During December we are
slowly climbing toward Bethlehem. On December 25 we will celebrate the
supreme expression of God's love-the birth of his Son, the Lord Jesus
Christ. I'd like to challenge you to read I Corinthians 13 every day
this month. December is a wonderful month to learn about love. If you
read these 13 verses 31 times, Paul's words will be tattooed on your
soul. And as these words become part of your life, you will find love
becoming a daily reality. May God help us to live in love this week.
Amen.
Barclay summarizes this
section writing that...
One thing remains to be said—when
we think of the qualities of this love as Paul portrays them we can
see them realized in the life of Jesus himself. (Barclay,
W: The Daily Study Bible Series. The Westminster Press
or
Logos)
Chafin sums up this
description of agape love writing...
When I hold this list of the
characteristics of love up before my life like a mirror, I am
immediately shaken by the many ways in which I fall short of the
perfect love that Christ modeled for me. But I also know that nothing
will be more important to my life than letting God perfect the gift of
love in me, not in some abstract theological way but by helping me
learn to truly love every person as God loves me. These fifteen
characteristics of God’s kind of love would make a good outline for
prayer, meditation, and study as we attempt to live the Christian
life. (Chafin, K. L., & Ogilvie, L. J. The Preacher's Commentary
Series, Volume 30:1,2 Corinthians. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson
Inc)
