Sermon on the Mount 2 - Inductive Study Guide

Sermon on the Mount
Supplement

Proclaiming the gospel of the kingdom...

At the beginning of His life, magi came to Herod, asking where they could find the King of the Jews (Mt 2:2). At the end of His life, Pilate asked Him, “Are you the King of the Jews?” He affirmed that He was (Mt 27:11-12), and Pilate sanctioned His crucifixion on that basis (Mt 27:37). So beginning in Mt 4:17-25, the King declares His Kingdom.

Foretold by Scripture (His Royal lineage in Mt 1:1ff, His acknowledgement by the Magi as "King of the Jews", Mt 2:2, Matthew's repeated emphasis on Jesus' fulfillment of Messianic prophecy = Mt 1:23, Mt 2:6, 2:14, 19, Mt 2:18, Mt 2:23, Mt 4:15-16), heralded and baptized by John the Baptist (Mt 3:2, Isa 40:3, Mt 3:13-17), anointed by the Spirit (Mt 3:16), praised by the Father (Mt 3:17), and tested by the adversary (Mt 4:1-11), the King had come to establish His Kingdom. However, He disappointed the expectations of many people both then and now.

When (the multitudes) came together, one question was paramount in their minds:

“How can we enter Your Kingdom?

How righteous must we be to be saved?

Will our righteousness be sufficient to admit us to Your Kingdom?”

They did not ask for proof that He was Messiah; His miracles demonstrated that. They were concerned about the righteousness demanded for entrance into His Kingdom. These people had been brought up in Pharisaism. Pharisaism was based upon the Mosaic Law, which was a divine revelation from God to Israel. But Pharisaism had perverted that Law and reduced it to a system of external observances. The Pharisees had conveniently codified the law into 365 prohibitions and 250 commandments. They taught the people that, if they observed these things, they would be acceptable to God. They substituted the traditions of men for the revelation of God; they trusted external observances to give them a pure heart. The people, in their religious background, had heard nothing of the truth of the Word of God until they listened to John preach (Mt 3:2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12); all they had known was the Pharisees’ perversion of it.

The only righteousness they had ever been told about was the righteousness of the Pharisees.

So they came to Christ with this basic question,

“Will the righteousness of the Pharisees in which we have been brought up bring us into Your Kingdom?

Will we be acceptable to God if we do what we have been told to do and refrain from doing what we have been forbidden to do?”

It was to this inquiring multitude that our Lord addressed the Sermon on the Mount. To answer their question, our Lord said, “For I say unto you, That except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven.” Then He proceeded to tell them what God demands of those who would fellowship with Himself and be in His Kingdom: “Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect” (Mt 5:48). God’s standard for those who would be accepted of Him is a perfection that equals His own. (Pentecost, J. D. Design for living: Lessons in holiness from the Sermon on the mount. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications) (Bolding added)

Psalm 34:18

The LORD is near to the broken hearted, and saves those who are crushed in spirit. (cf Ps 147:3)

Near: Hebrew word (qarab) has the basic meaning of being or coming into the most near and intimate proximity of the subject!

Broken: (shabar) was used literally of things that were broken and figuratively as here (and twice in Psalm 51:17 "broken spirit...broken...heart") of one's "heart" or emotions.

The Greek word used in the Septuagint (LXX) is a word (suntribo) which means literally to rub hard together and so to crush completely, to beat to a pulp (maybe this is how you feel even as you read this note...go back and read the promise in Ps 34:18); to break in pieces and figuratively as used in this psalm of the mental and emotional state in which one is deprived of strength, is heartbroken or is in despair. This is the word used by Luke in Luke 4:18 (only in the KJV) where Jesus says "He hath sent me to heal the broken hearted".

Pentecost comments that...

When the psalmist referred to a broken, contrite heart, he did not mean a heart crushed because of bereavement, but a heart that has come to the end of itself, which sees no help in itself, and cries out to God for deliverance. (Pentecost, J. D. Design for living: Lessons in holiness from the Sermon on the mount. Page 23. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications)

Saves (yasha) means to rescue, deliver, free one from danger. The root in Arabic is "make wide" or "make sufficient'. Yasha describes that which is wide and connotes freedom from distress and the ability to pursue one's own objectives. Yasha may be used in everyday life free of theological overtones, but generally in the OT has strong religious meaning, for it was Yahweh Who wrought the deliverance. Thus He is known as the "God of our salvation" (Ps 68:19ff). Although salvation could come through a human agent, it is only because God empowers the agent.

The Greek word used for "saves" in the Septuagint (LXX) is sozo which has the basic meaning of rescuing one from great peril. Additional nuances include to protect, keep alive, preserve life, deliver, heal, be made whole.

Crushed (dakka') bruised, beaten to pieces, humbled.

The Greek word used for "crushed" in the Septuagint (LXX) is a word (tapeinos) which literally refers to that which is low (low lying) and does rise from the ground. Figuratively means lowly, of no degree, humble in spirit, poor, humiliated (in circumstances or disposition). The psalmist says that such a one is saved (delivered from danger, healed or cured or restored to health, made whole, preserved or kept safe and sound)

C H Spurgeon commenting on Psalm 34:18 writes...

The Lord is nigh unto them that are of a broken heart. Near in friendship to accept and console. Broken hearts think God far away, when He is really most near to them; their eyes are held so that they see not their Best Friend.

And saveth such as be of a contrite spirit. What a blessed token for good is a repentant, mourning heart! (cf Mt 5:4) Just when the sinner condemns himself, the Lord graciously absolves him. Salvation is linked with contrition. (Treasury of David)

F B Meyer comments on "the LORD is nigh"...

You may not realize it, oh brokenhearted sufferer, but the great Gardener passes by those who are standing erect, to stoop over thee, beaten down by the storm and trailing on the ground. He comes where He is most needed. (Gems from the Psalms)

Warren Wiersbe writes a devotional note on this psalm entitled "Smashed Rainbows"

A little girl and her mother were walking down a sidewalk after a rainstorm. Someone had spilled some automobile oil on the pavement. Seeing that, the little girl said, "Mommy, look at all of the smashed rainbows!"

Maybe your rainbows have been smashed, and you have a broken heart. Perhaps you don't feel close to God because of your heartache. What can you do to be near to Him? First, keep in mind that nearness is likeness. "The Lord is near to those who have a broken heart" (Psalm 34:18). The more we are like God, the nearer we are to Him. How close can you get to God? You can get as close to Him as you want. Draw near to Him, and He will draw near to you. Remember that God knows the meaning of a broken heart. Jesus Christ literally experienced one. He was "a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief" (Isa. 53:3). Let your experiences make you more like Jesus, and He will draw near to you.

Second, remember that God gives grace to the humble. "God resists the proud, but gives grace to the humble" (James 4:6). David also said, "A broken and a contrite heart--these, O God, You will not despise" (Ps. 51:17).

Our Lord came "to heal the brokenhearted" (Luke 4:18). Do you have a broken heart that needs healed? Here's the simple secret: Give the Lord all the pieces, and He will heal you.

Everyone has experienced dashed hopes and smashed plans. Take comfort in knowing that your Lord heals the broken heart. Are you getting over a crushing experience? The Lord understands what you are going through. Draw near to Him with a humble spirit and give Him the broken pieces of your heart (Warren Wiersbe. Prayer, Praise, and Promises).

Ps 51:17

The Greek word used for "contrite" in the Septuagint (LXX) is a word (tapeinos) which literally refers to that which is low (low lying) and does rise from the ground. Figuratively means lowly, of no degree, humble in spirit, poor, humiliated (in circumstances or disposition).

Warren Wiersbe writes a devotional on this section entitle "Broken Things"...

Have you ever studied the broken things in the Bible? A woman broke a vessel at the feet of Jesus and anointed Him (Luke 7:36-50). Jesus took bread and broke it as a picture of His body given for us (Mt 26:26, 1Cor 11:24). God uses broken things, and He starts with broken hearts. This is what repentance is all about. God doesn't listen to the lips. He doesn't measure a material sacrifice. He looks at the heart and says, "If your heart is broken, then I can cleanse it."

When David sinned, he could have brought all kinds of sacrifices. But they would not have pleased the Lord. God was waiting for the sacrifice of a broken heart. That's why David said, "The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit, a broken and a contrite heart--these, O God, You will not despise" (Psalm 51:17). David's sins should have brought him condemnation and death. He committed adultery, and he murdered a man. No sacrifice could be found in God's sacrificial system for this kind of flagrant, rebellious, deliberate sin. But David did not die. Even though no sacrifice was available for his sin at the time, God looked down the corridors of time and saw a cross where Jesus Christ would die for David's sin.

God looks at the heart, not the hand. He wants sincerity from the heart, not religious routine. A broken heart is not remorse, nor is it regret. It is repentance, a turning away from sin. It's telling God you hate sin, are judging it and claiming his forgiveness. Bring to Him the sacrifice of a contrite heart. (Warren Wiersbe. Prayer, Praise, and Promises).

Spurgeon commenting on "a broken and contrite heart O God Thou wilt not despise" writes...

A heart crushed is a fragrant heart. Men condemn those who are contemptible in their own eyes, but the Lord does not see as man sees. He despises what men esteem, and values that which they despise. Never yet has God spurned a lowly, weeping penitent, and never will he while God is love, and while Jesus is called the man who receives sinners. (Treasury of David)

Matthew Henry adds that...

Men despise that which is broken, but God will not. He despised the sacrifice of torn and broken beasts, but he will not despise that of a torn and broken heart. He will not overlook it; he will not refuse or reject it; though it make God no satisfaction for the wrong done him by sin, yet he does not despise it. The proud Pharisee despised the broken-hearted publican, and he thought very meanly of himself; but God did not despise him. More is implied than is expressed; the great God overlooks heaven and earth, to look with favour upon a broken and contrite heart, Isa. 66:1-2; Isa 57:15.

A Handbook on the Book of Psalms notes that

The concept “humble” is sometimes expressed idiomatically as “not making oneself to appear big,” or “having a low heart,” or “one who speaks softly.” (Bratcher, R. G., & Reyburn, W. D. A translator's handbook on the book of Psalms. Helps for translators (Page 476). New York: United Bible Societies)

The Preacher's Commentary writes that...

All that David can offer to the Lord in worship then is his shattered “spirit,” his “broken … heart,” that is, the very center of his being, himself. Sin has “broken” him; judgment has “broken” him. But even more than this, when we discover God’s mercy in His incredible love for us in our sin—here is the final breaking. As our heart sobs, the Lord puts His arms around us. When we see Jesus expelling demons, forgiving sins, cleansing lepers, and hanging on the cross—then we are finally “broken.” We are among those who are forgiven much and who therefore love much (Luke 7:47). (Williams, D., & Ogilvie, L. J. Vol. 13: The Preacher's Commentary Series, Thomas Nelson)

F B Meyer comments...

Thou desirest not sacrifice.--Ceremonialism cannot free us from taint (Heb 9:9-16). God's fire descends on broken hearts. (Psalms - Gems from the Psalms)

Isaiah 66:2

Tremble at My Word: To “tremble at God’s word” (Isa 66:2, 5) means to reverentially fear and respect what God says and to fear to disobey it so as not to displease Him (Ps 119:120). The Jews experienced this reaction of trembling at God's Word when Ezra exposed their sins (Ezra 9:4; 10:3), and the prophet Habakkuk experienced it when he saw the vision of God’s judgment recorded in (Hab 3:16). Saul of Tarsus trembled when he met the Lord (Acts 9:6). However, King Jehoiakim did not tremble at the Word; he tried to destroy it (Jer. 36), and that led to his destruction (Pr 13:13). Paul urged all believers to “Work out your salvation with fear and trembling” (Phil. 2:12-13).

Lk 18:9-14

Dwight Pentecost notes how the Pharisee...

was controlled by pride and commended himself to God and demanded that God accept him and his petition because of what he was. Then he commended himself to God because of what he had done:

“I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all that I possess.”

He expected to be blessed of God because of what he had done for God. What an example of the one with no poverty of spirit! On the other hand, there cowered afar off a confessed sinner who cried, “God, be merciful to me a sinner.” “God, look upon me as you look upon the mercy seat sprinkled with atoning blood.” This one claimed nothing as to his person nor as to his righteousnesses. In his spiritual poverty and destitution he cast himself wholely upon the grace and mercy of God. Here was a man poor in spirit...A man’s only way of access to God is to come to God and confess his own unrighteousness, his own inability to meet the standards and requirements of God, and by faith claim the blood of Christ, which covers his sin. As Toplady’s words in “Rock of Ages” express it, “Nothing in my hand I bring, simply to Thy cross I cling.” Such a one—poor in spirit—is happy because he is blessed of God. "(Pentecost, J. D. Design for living: Lessons in holiness from the Sermon on the mount. Page 24. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications)

Mt 9:10-13

“I did not come to call the righteous, but sinners” (KJV "to repentance", cf Lk 5:32):

One of the most important statements ever recorded in the Bible. Jesus came for those who know they have a terminal spiritual illness and who have no trust or hope in themselves to be cured. God’s receiving the sinner and refusing the righteous is central to the Christian faith.

Here are the prayers, confessions and declarations of some of the men Jesus came for...

“Lord, save me from that wicked man, myself.” (Augustine)

“In youth, in middle age and now after many battles, I find nothing in me but corruption.” (John Knox, greatest preacher in the history of Scotland)

“I am fallen short of the glory of God, my whole heart is altogether corrupt and abominable, and consequently my whole life being an evil tree cannot bring forth good fruit.” (John Wesley, the great revival preacher)

“Vile and full of sin I am.” (Charles Wesley, the great hymn writer)

“Oh, that such a wretch as I should ever be tempted to think highly of himself. I am myself nothing but sin and weakness, in whose flesh naturally dwells no good thing.” (Augustus Toplady writer of “Rock of Ages”)

“Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, O Lord!” (Luke 5:8) (Peter on beholding Jesus' great power and glory)

“It is a trustworthy statement, deserving full acceptance, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners, among whom I am foremost of all” (1 Ti 1:15) (Paul summing up the confession of every honest believer)

Although it is not a popular "tactic" in many churches today, the Bible clearly teaches that

The first declaration of the gospel is negative-that every man is sinful, separated from God, and condemned to hell (cf with Jesus' opening words "poor in spirit"). A person will not seek to be saved until he realizes he is lost. Therefore the first step in proclaiming the gospel is to tell men of their lostness, and the first step in receiving the gospel is to confess that lostness. A person will not seek healing until he is convinced he is sick; he will not seek life until he acknowledges he is dead. Conversion, then, occurs in one who is willing to accept the death sentence and also the acquittal of God. The man who does not recognize his condemnation to death has no hope for new life. (MacArthur, J. Matthew. Chicago: Moody Press)

tax-gatherers: (all NT uses of telones "tax gatherer" Mat 5:46 Mat 5:47 Mat 9:10 Mat 9:11 Mat 10:3 Mat 11:19 Mat 18:17 Mat 21:31 Mat 21:32 Mark 2:15 Mark 2:16 Luke 3:12 Luke 5:27 Luke 5:29 Luke 5:30 Luke 7:29 Luke 7:34 Luke 15:1 Luke 18:10 Luke 18:11 Luke 18:13)

The noted Jewish scholar Alfred Edersheim reports that a Jewish publicani was barred from the synagogue and was forbidden to have any religious or social contact with his fellow Jews. He was ranked with the unclean animals, which a devout Jew would not so much as touch. He was in the class of swine, and because he was held to be a traitor and a congenital liar, he was ranked with robbers and murderers and was forbidden to give testimony in any Jewish court.

Edersheim states that there were two categories of publicani. The first, whom the Jews called gabbai, collected general taxes, which included those on land and other property, those on income, and those referred to as poll, or registration, taxes. The basic land tax (the amount paid to Rome) was a tenth of one’s grain and a fifth of one’s fruit and wine. Income tax amounted to one percent of one’s earnings, and the amount of the poll tax varied.

The second type of tax collector was called a mokhes, who collected a wide variety of use taxes-taxes similar to our import duties, tollway fees, boat docking fees, business license fees, and the like. The mokhes had almost unlimited latitude in their taxing powers and could attach a tax to virtually any article or activity. They could, for instance, levy a tax on a person’s boat, on the fish he caught with it, and on the dock where he unloaded it. They could tax a traveler’s donkey, his slaves and servants, and his goods. They had authority to open private letters to see if a taxable business of some sort might be related to the correspondence. There were two kinds of mokhes. One kind, called the great mokhes, hired other men to collect taxes for them and, by virtue of partial anonymity, protected at least some of their reputation among their fellow countrymen. The other kind, called small mokhes, did their own assessing and collecting and therefore were in constant contact with members of the community as well as with all travelers who passed their way. The gabbai were despised, the great mokhes were more despised, and the small mokhes were despised most. Matthew was obviously a small mokhes, because he himself was sitting in the tax office as Jesus passed through the outskirts of Capernaum. t was to that man, the most despised of the despicable, to whom Jesus said, Follow Me! (Mt 9:9, cf Lk 5:28)... That simple call by Jesus was more than enough reason for Matthew to turn his back on everything he was and possessed. Because of his position as an agent of Rome, he knew that once he forsook his post he would never be able to return to it. He knew the cost and willingly paid it. Of all the disciples, Matthew doubtlessly made the greatest sacrifice of material possessions; yet he himself makes no mention of it. He felt with Paul that “whatever things were gain to me, those things I have counted as loss for the sake of Christ” (Phil. 3:7).(MacArthur, J. Matthew. Chicago: Moody Press)

Here is the entry on "publican" (tax collector) from Smith's Bible Dictionary...

The class designated by this word in the New Testament were employed as collectors of the Roman revenue. The Roman senate farmed the vectigalia (direct taxes) and the portorin (customs) to capitalists who undertook to pay a given sum into the treasury (in publicum), and so received the name of publicani . Contracts of this kind fell naturally into the hands of the equites, as the richest class of Romans. They appointed managers, under whom were the portitores, the actual custom-house officers, who examined each bale of goods, exported or imported, assessed its value more or less arbitrarily, wrote out the ticket, and enforced payment. The latter were commonly natives of the province in which they were stationed as being brought daily into contact with all classes of the population. The name pubicani was used popularly, and in the New Testament exclusively, of the portitores . The system was essentially a vicious one. The portitores were encouraged in the most vexatious or fraudulent exactions and a remedy was all but impossible. They overcharged whenever they had an opportunity, (Luke 3:13) they brought false charges of smuggling in the hope of extorting hush-money (Luke 19:8) they detained and opened letters on mere suspicion. It was the basest of all livelihoods. All this was enough to bring the class into ill favor everywhere. In Judea and Galilee there were special circumstances of aggravation. The employment brought out all the besetting vices of the Jewish character. The strong feeling of many Jews as to the absolute unlawfulness of paying tribute at all made matters worse. The scribes who discussed the question, (Matthew 22:15) for the most part answered it in the negative. In addition to their other faults, accordingly, the publicans of the New Testament were regarded as traitors and apostates, defiled by their frequent intercourse with the heathen, willing tools of the oppressor. The class thus practically excommunicated furnished some of the earliest disciples both of the Baptist and of our Lord. The position of Zacchaeus as a "chief among the publicans," (Luke 19:2) implies a gradation of some kind among the persons thus employed. (see here also)

J Vernon McGee makes this story very applicable to our modern world writing that...

The Pharisees did not believe in eating with publicans and sinners. Many saints today still have the same idea. It doesn’t hurt to invite sinners to dinner because they are the ones who need to be reached for Christ. We need to have some contact with sinners. Jesus is the Great Physician. He has come to heal mankind of their basic problem, which is sin. This ought to be said to a lot of our little Christian groups who have their banquets and “fellowship” meetings and do not invite the unsaved. If the unsaved do come, the majority of the Christians freeze them out anyway. May I say to you that I think some of these so-called Christian groups are sinful in their very existence and in the way they meet today. Matthew is at it again, quoting Hosea 6:6 from the Old Testament. When Jesus said, “For I am not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance,” He could have included the Pharisees, because they were sinners. In fact, all of us are included—“For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God” (Rom. 3:23). (McGee, J. V. Thru the Bible Commentary Vol. 4, Page 53. Nashville: Thomas Nelson)

Go and learn:

This phrase was commonly used in rabbinic writings to rebuke those who did not know what they should have known. Jesus used the very Scriptures the Pharisees’ held as their authority and rebuked them for their ignorance of God’s true nature and of their failure to follow His clear commandments. What Jesus was saying in quoting Hosea 6:6 is that God's Word was calling the Pharisees to show mercy and forgiveness, instead of a critical, condemning, judgmental spirit. Ritual separated from righteousness has always been a sham and an affront to God and the Pharisees were masters of such sham!

Ro 8:4 who do not walk according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit.

Pentecost comments that...

Our Lord not only showed the way of access to Himself, and the way of access into His kingdom ("poor in spirit" Mt 5:3), but also He showed what will characterize one who in poverty of spirit has come to claim God’s salvation. His life as a child of God will be marked by that same complete dependence upon God, moment by moment....

(Commenting on Romans 8:4) The man who by the flesh seeks to please God claims he can do it himself. In pride he seeks to please God. The only one who pleases God in his daily life is the one who says,

“God, I can’t do it because the flesh is corrupt; but I cast myself totally and completely upon the sustaining strength of the Holy Spirit that he might live the life of Christ through me.”

When Peter stepped out of the boat to walk across the water to the Lord Jesus and began to sink, he cried out, “Lord, help me.” He was poor in spirit. When Mary and Martha were overcome with grief at the passing of their brother Lazarus and they sent a message to Jesus Christ to come and help them, they evidenced they were beggars in spirit. When you recognize your own helplessness and cast yourself solely upon the grace of God and the Spirit of God, you are renouncing spiritual pride and evidencing a poverty of spirit that makes it possible for God to bestow blessing after blessing on your life. What do you have to offer God? Nothing. What does God have to give you? Everything. What makes God’s riches yours? A cry for help, a cry of dependence, a confession of your own helplessness. (Ibid) (Bolding added)

1Ti 1:15

Sinners

Sinner was a term used by the Jews to describe Gentiles (cf Gal. 2:15). Jesus used "sinners" to refer to all of fallen mankind (Mt 9:13). Sinner is the name that denotes man’s constant violation of God’s law. Men are sinners by nature (being born into Adam's seed cf Ro 5:12). Jesus (Mt 1:21) came "to seek and save that which was lost" (Lk 19:10).

It is interesting (and convicting) to note when in this great Apostle's spiritual life, this statement "sinners...among whom I am the foremost of all") was recorded. Guess before you read on.

It was recorded near the end of his life.

This simple chronological record of Paul's spiritual life leads to the following conclusions:

(1) We may grow in grace as we grow older in the Lord, but we never outgrow our need for acknowledgement of our spiritual bankruptcy outside of Christ (cf John 15:5, Col 3:4, etc)

(2) The longer we walk with the Lord and the more He reveals Himself to us (cf John 14:21), the greater will be the sense of the poverty of our flesh in the light of His greatness and glory (cf John 3:30)

Here is a quotable quote on the Sermon on the Mount...

It has been said if you took all the good advice for how to live ever uttered by any philosopher or psychiatrist or counselor, took out the foolishness and boiled it all down to the real essentials, you would be left with a poor imitation of this great message by Jesus...The Sermon on the Mount is sometimes thought of as Jesus' "Declaration of the Kingdom." The American Revolutionaries had their Declaration of Independence. Karl Marx had his Communist Manifesto. With this message, Jesus declares what His Kingdom is all about. It presents a radically different agenda than what the nation of Israel expected from the Messiah. It does not present the political or material blessings of the Messiah's reign. Instead, it expresses the spiritual implications of Jesus' rule in our lives. This great message tells us how will we live when Jesus is our Lord. (Dave Guzik) (Bolding added)

Poor in spirit - Although most conservative evangelical commentaries favor Jesus' phrase as pointing to spiritual and not financial poverty, there are a few that favor it as reference to financial poverty. Although proportionately it is fair to say that many more of those who are financially poor are also poor in spirit when compared with their wealthy counterparts (e.g., see Mt 19:24, Mk 10:25, Lk 18:25), that by no means justifies the interpretation that Jesus is here addressing only the financially poor. In that regard, it is fascinating to see how inaccurate interpretation has led some to make grossly inappropriate application as in the case of the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate (332-63) who is reputed to have said with vicious irony that he wanted to confiscate Christian's property so that they might all become poor and enter the kingdom of heaven!

It is no mistake that “poor in spirit” comes first. This is the first and fundamental quality of the spiritual life. This is where discipleship begins. This is the key that unlocks the door of heaven. (Ray Pritchard)

On a scale of 1 to 10, how would we rate the condition of our spiritual life? Even though we may desire to please the Lord, our efforts are so inadequate, our motives often selfish, our faithfulness questionable. No matter how much we do, we fall so far short!... On God's grading scale, we all rate zero without the Perfect One. (Our Daily Bread)

John MacArthur explains why poor in spirit should be clearly distinguished from poor materially or financially writing that...

The word commonly used for ordinary poverty was penichros, and is used of the widow Jesus saw giving an offering in the Temple. She had very little, but she did have “two small copper coins” (Luke 21:2). She was poor but not a beggar. One who is penichros poor has at least some meager resources. One who is ptōchos poor, however, is completely dependent on others for sustenance. He has absolutely no means of self-support.

Because of a similar statement in Luke 6:20-

“Blessed are you who are poor, for yours is the kingdom of God”-

some interpreters have maintained that the beatitude of Matthew 5:3 teaches material poverty. But sound hermeneutics (the interpretation of Scripture) requires that, when two or more passages are similar but not exactly alike, the clearer one explains the others, the more explicit clarifies the less explicit. By comparing Scripture with Scripture we see that the Matthew account is the more explicit. Jesus is speaking of a spiritual poverty that corresponds to the material poverty of one who is ptōchos.

If Jesus were here advocating material poverty He would have contradicted many other parts of His Word-including the Sermon on the Mount itself (Mt 5:42)-that teach us to give financial help to the poor. If Jesus was teaching the innate blessedness of material poverty, then the task of Christians would be to help make everyone, including themselves, penniless. Jesus did not teach that material poverty is the path to spiritual prosperity.

Those who are materially poor do have some advantages in spiritual matters by not having certain distractions and temptations; and the materially rich have some disadvantage by having certain distractions and temptations. But material possessions have no necessary relationship to spiritual blessings. Matthew makes clear that Jesus is here talking about the condition of the spirit, not of the wallet. (MacArthur, J. Matthew. Chicago: Moody Press) (Bolding added)

Poor in spirit

The way up is down!

It doesn't start by measuring up. It starts by realizing that we don't measure up. We are poverty stricken, helpless as a child, and sin-sick in need of a Great Physician. (John Piper)

It means a complete absence of pride, a complete absence of self-assurance and of self-reliance. It means a consciousness that we are nothing in the presence of God. It is nothing, then, that we can produce; it is nothing that we can do in ourselves. It is just this tremendous awareness of our utter nothingness as we come face-to-face with God. (D Martyn Lloyd-Jones)

Poverty of spirit "is not a man's confession that he is by nature insignificant, or personally without value, for that would be untrue. Instead, it is a confession that he is sinful and rebellious and utterly without moral virtues adequate to commend him to God. The poor in spirit recognize that they have no spiritual "assets." They know they are spiritually bankrupt. With the word poor, Jesus uses the more severe term for poverty. It indicates someone who must beg for whatever they have or get. Poverty of spirit cannot be artificially induced by self-hatred; it is brought about by the Holy Spirit and our response to His working in our hearts. (see John 16:8, 9, 10, 11, Acts 2:37, 16:29,30)" (Dave Guzik)

To be poor in spirit is not to lack courage but to acknowledge spiritual bankruptcy. It confesses one's unworthiness before God and utter dependence on him...All must begin by confessing that by them selves they can achieve nothing....in the last book of the canon, an established church must likewise recognize its precarious position when it claims to be rich and fails to see its own poverty (Rev 3:14-22). (Expositor's Bible Commentary)

In spiritual things, poor in spirit is the opposite not of self-esteem but of spiritual pride. It is the self-sufficiency that springs from spiritual pride that our Lord condemned. The New Testament records that the Pharisees were intensely proud, for they counted themselves as righteous; they deemed themselves to be righteous and to need nothing. They heard the Lord Jesus offer a true righteousness from God, and they spurned it. This word is addressed to them and to those who follow their path. The man who is characterized by spiritual pride will receive nothing from God; there can be no blessing of God upon him, for pride is no foundation for righteousness. Spiritual pride is not an evidence of holiness but of sinfulness. Spiritual pride can never produce happiness...The poor in spirit is the one from whom the ground of self-sufficiency has been taken. The poor in spirit is the heart on its knees. The poor in spirit is the one characterized by an attitude of utter dependence. (Dwight Pentecost)

It is the opposite of that haughty, self-assertive and self-sufficient disposition which the world so much admires and praises. It is the very reverse of that independent and defiant attitude which refuses to bow to God, which determines to brave things out, which says with Pharaoh, “Who is the Lord that I should obey His voice?” To be “poor in spirit” is to realize that I have nothing, am nothing, and can do nothing and have need of all things. Poverty of spirit is a consciousness of my emptiness, the result of the Spirit’s work within. It issues from the painful discovery that all my righteousnesses are as filthy rags (Isa 64:6, Phil 3:7, 8, 9-note, Rev 3:17-note). It follows the awakening that my best performances are unacceptable, yea, an abomination to the thrice Holy One. Poverty of spirit evidences itself by its bringing the individual into the dust before God, acknowledging his utter helplessness and deservingness of hell. It corresponds to the initial awakening of the prodigal in the far country, when he “began to be in want.” (Lk 15:14, 11-32 (A W Pink)

Kingdom of heaven

Click for a discussion of the Kingdom of Heaven.

Click to study over 100 uses of the "Kingdom" most of which refer to the Kingdom of Heaven/God.

Note that the phrase "Kingdom of heaven" is the "reward" that opens and closes the Beatitudes. (Mt 5:3-note, Mt 5:10-note)

JESUS TEACHES
ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
PROPHETIC "TIME GAPS"

Isaiah 61:1-3 Jesus Teaches about A "Time Gap" in the Fulfillment of Prophecy

Isaiah 61:1 The Spirit of the Lord GOD is upon me, because the LORD has anointed me to bring good news to the afflicted. He has sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to captives, and freedom to prisoners;

2 To proclaim the favorable year of the LORD, And the day of vengeance of our God; To comfort all who mourn,

3 To grant those who mourn in Zion, Giving them a garland instead of ashes, The oil of gladness instead of mourning, The mantle of praise instead of a spirit of fainting. So they will be called oaks of righteousness, The planting of the LORD, that He may be glorified.

Jesus quoted the first section of this passage in Luke (so Who was speaking in Isaiah?)

Luke 4:14 And Jesus returned to Galilee in the power of the Spirit (notice the role of the Spirit in Jesus' ministry Mt 3:16, Lk 3:22, Mt 4:1, Mk 1:12, Luke 4:1, John 1:32. How important is the Spirit to our walk and ministry? cf Acts 1:8) and news about Him spread through all the surrounding district.

15 And He began teaching in their synagogues and was praised by all.

16 And He came to Nazareth, where He had been brought up; and as was His custom, He entered the synagogue on the Sabbath, and stood up to read.

17 And the book of the prophet Isaiah was handed to Him. And He opened the book, and found the place where it was written (Isa 61:1-2a),

18 "THE SPIRIT OF THE LORD IS UPON ME, BECAUSE HE ANOINTED ME TO PREACH THE GOSPEL TO THE POOR (ptochos = same word in Mt 5:3). (Note: KJV [which is translated from Greek manuscript known as Textus Receptus and different from the NAS, NIV which are translated from the Nestle-Aland and felt by most scholars to be more accurate] adds the following not found in NAS, NIV [or the Nestle-Aland manuscript] = "he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted") HE HAS SENT ME TO PROCLAIM RELEASE TO THE CAPTIVES, AND RECOVERY OF SIGHT TO THE BLIND, TO SET FREE THOSE WHO ARE DOWNTRODDEN,

19 TO PROCLAIM THE FAVORABLE (acceptable) YEAR OF THE LORD." (Now compare what Jesus read in the Synagogue at Nazareth with what He declared in Isaiah 61:2. Where did He stop in the Isaiah passage?)

20 And He closed the book, and gave it back to the attendant, and sat down; and the eyes of all in the synagogue were fixed upon (gazed intently, even idea of straining or stretching the eyes so to speak) Him.

21 And He began to say to them, "Today this Scripture has been fulfilled (means filled full such that nothing else can be added and is in the perfect tense which means at the moment Jesus said it, it was fulfilled and it stands fulfilled forever) in your hearing."

This passage in Luke is most instructive especially in regard to interpretation of prophecy. Clearly Jesus declares the first section of Isaiah 61:1-2a was fulfilled at His first coming. He stopped reading in mid sentence "the day of vengeance". Why? First note that "vengeance" is the Hebrew word (naqam) which calls for revenge or for punishment to be inflicted in retaliation for an injury or offense. Who had been offended? Jehovah Himself had been offended by Israel's continuous wandering, adulterous and hardened hearts that chose idols over the Living God and thus justly deserved His righteous punishment. But the first coming of the Messiah was a merciful appearing ("the favorable year of the Lord") to offer the free gift of salvation, opening the eyes of the blind. This prophecy in Isaiah 61:1, 2a was fulfilled around 30AD. But as John records although the King "came to His own, (most of) those who were His own did not receive Him" (Jn 1:11, 12, 13).

Dr. Luke records the events that marked the beginning of the last week of Jesus' ministry (during His first advent) and the culmination of His rejection by His own people...

Luke 19:37 And as He was now approaching, near the descent of the Mount of Olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to praise God joyfully with a loud voice for all the miracles which they had seen,

38 saying, "BLESSED IS THE KING WHO COMES IN THE NAME OF THE LORD; (Ps 118:26-note) Peace in heaven and glory in the highest!"

39 And some of the Pharisees (Ro 10:3-note) in the multitude said to Him, "Teacher, rebuke Your disciples."

40 And He answered and said, "I tell you, if these become silent, the stones will cry out!"

41 And when He approached, He saw the city and wept over it, (cf Mt 5:4, Greek word for wept pictures weeping or wailing with emphasis upon noise, lamentation with sobbing and wailing aloud even as professional mourners did in a funeral procession!)

42 saying, "If you had known in this day (they could have the very day!), even you, the things which make for peace! (cf "the favorable year of the Lord") But now they have been hidden from your eyes.

43 "For the days shall come upon you when your enemies (He is prophesying about the Roman general Titus who will come some 40 years later to crush the Jewish rebellion) will throw up a bank before you, and surround you, and hem you in on every side, (this happened when the Romans in 70AD encircled Jerusalem in a siege that leveled the city)

44 and will level you to the ground and your children within you, and they will not leave in you one stone upon another (this occurred literally because the Temple was on fire, melted the gold vessels which ran between the stones, which the Roman soldiers lifted up in order to get the gold), because you did not recognize the time of your visitation."

In this passage in Luke Jesus' points out that the Jews should have and could have known that this was the very day the King, their Messiah (John 1:41), would arrive in Jerusalem, the day we call "Palm Sunday", His triumphal entry recorded in Luke 19:37, 38 where He was descending the Mt of Olives and the crowds were proclaiming "Blessed is the King Who comes in the name of the Lord". It is worthy noting that they even called Him the "King" quoting Ps 118:26-note where it says "Blessed is the one who comes". So the crowds changed "one" to "king" at Jesus' "Triumphal entry" into His beloved city, so beloved that because of their sin and rejection, it caused Him to greatly mourn and to weep.

So this was the "favorable year of the Lord" Jesus had read about in the synagogue probably some 3 years earlier. This was the day of visitation that they failed to recognize. Why should they have recognized it? The answer is found in one of the most amazing Old Testament Messianic prophecies, Daniel 9:24, 25, 26, 27, which is commonly referred to as the Seventy Weeks of Daniel (see Da 9:24-27: Part 1: Notes on Daniel 9:24-25; see new verse by verse notes on Da 9:24; Da 9:25; Da 9:26; Da 9:27). Without going into detail a careful reading and computation of dates that one can perform based on the specific prophecy in Daniel 9:24-27, allows one to predict the "day of His visitation" the day the King would enter into His city. At the end of the first "69 Weeks" of Daniel's prophecy Messiah was to enter Jerusalem. Note that the last week of Daniel, the seventieth week has not yet been fulfilled (see Summary Chart of Daniel's Seventieth Week) and thus there has been a time gap of almost 2000 years! (See Discussion of Time Gap in Daniel 9:24-27)

Robert Anderson (The Coming Prince in 1894) and Harold Hoehner (in 1976) have independently calculated that following the decree to restore and rebuild Jerusalem until Messiah, the Prince (cf Da 9:25-note, Neh 2:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) was 177,880 days which by their calculations coincides with the very day Jesus entered Jerusalem (Palm Sunday) riding on a donkey fulfilling Zechariah's prophecy in which Jesus clearly presented Himself for the first time publicly (cf Jn 1:49, Mt 2:2) as their promised Messiah and King (cf Jn 18:33, 19:1, 2, 3, 4-13, 14, 15, 19, Mt 27:37 Mk 15:26 Lk 23:37, 38)

Zechariah 9:9 "Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion! Shout in triumph, O daughter of Jerusalem! Behold, your King is coming to you; He is just and endowed with salvation, (section in bold not quoted in the Gospels!) Humble, and mounted on a donkey, even on a colt, the foal of a donkey ( For a King to enter a city in ancient days on a donkey was a symbol of peace. To enter riding on a white horse was a symbol of conquest cf His second coming on a "white horse" in Rev 19:11-note)." (Zechariah 9:9 is quoted in Mt 21:4, 5 "SAY TO THE DAUGHTER OF ZION, 'BEHOLD YOUR KING IS COMING TO YOU, GENTLE, AND MOUNTED ON A DONKEY, EVEN ON A COLT, THE FOAL OF A BEAST OF BURDEN.') (cf Jn 12:12, 13, 14, 15, Mk 11:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) Note that there is another time gap of almost 2000 years between the fulfillment of Zechariah 9:9 (first coming at Mount Calvary) and Zechariah 9:10 (second coming at Mount Olivet cf Acts 1:9, 10, 11, 12, Lk 24:49, 50, 51, 52, 53, Zech 14:3, 4, Ezekiel 43:2, 3, 4 - The Mt of Olives is the mountain just to the east of the Eastern gate and Temple Mount)

Zechariah 9:10 And I will cut off the chariot from Ephraim, and the horse from Jerusalem; and the bow of war will be cut off. And He will speak peace to the nations; and His dominion will be from sea to sea, and from the River to the ends of the earth. (These events describe the King's return and triumph over the Anti-Christ and the nations arrayed against Him).

And so tragically the majority of the Lord's chosen people (ethnic Israel), failed to recognize the King's triumphal entry for what it was. And so He must come again as He predicted in Isaiah 61:2b (the point at which He ceased to read in the synagogue in Lk 4:19). And so we eagerly, expectantly await the fulfillment of "the day of vengeance of our God". Meanwhile there has been a gap of time of almost 2000 years between the historical fulfillment of Isaiah 61:1, 2a and the yet to occur fulfillment of Isaiah 61:2b, Isa 61:3.

And because of the failure of most of the chosen people to recognize Jesus' favorable year, and His triumphal entry into Jerusalem, that the King mourned and wept (Lk 19:4) (cp Mt 5:4, Lk 19:41, 42, 43, 44, Lk 13:34, 35)

Matthew records a similar lament following Jesus' final teaching session with the multitudes and the Pharisees declaring...

"O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, the way a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, and you were unwilling.

38 "Behold, your house is being left to you desolate!

39 "For I say to you, from now on you shall not see Me until you say,

BLESSED IS HE
WHO COMES
IN THE NAME OF THE LORD

(Quoting from Ps 118:26-note!'" (Mt 23:37, 38, 39)

When will Israel say "Blessed is He Who comes in the Name of the Lord"? At the termination of "the day of vengeance of our God," (Isa 61:2) at the end of Daniel's Seventieth Week, (Da 9:27-note, 2Th 2:3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, Mt 24:15, 21, 30, 31, Rev 1:7-note) when God pours out grace upon the Jews who have survived the Great Tribulation, the final three and one-half years marked by the rule of the "Anti-Christ". Zechariah records God's favor to Israel at this time...

Zechariah 12:10 "And I will pour out on the house of David and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the Spirit of grace and of supplication (cf Lev 26:20-42, Joel 2:28, 29, Hos 5:15, Dt 30:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Ro 11:26, 27-note Why? because of Ro 11:29), so that they will look on Me whom they have pierced (cf Zech 13:7, 8, Isa 53:5, Ps 22:16, 17-note, Acts 2:23, 3:13, 14, 15, 4:10, cf Jn 1:29, 19:34, 35, 36, 37) and they will mourn for Him, as one mourns for an only son, and they will weep bitterly over Him, like the bitter weeping over a first-born. (cf Mt 13:26, 14:62, 24:30, 26:64, Lk 21:27, Rev 1:7-note, Re 19:11-note, Re 19:12-note, Re 19:13-note, Re 19:14-note, Re 19:15-note, Re 19:16-note, Amos 8:10, 2Co 7:9, 10)

11 "In that day (What day? "the day of vengeance of our God") there will be great mourning in Jerusalem, like the mourning of Hadadrimmon in the plain of Megiddo.

It is at this time of the King's return, His second coming after the fulfillment of Daniel's Seventieth Week and the final three and one half years of the Great Tribulation that the prophecy of Isaiah 61 is finally consummated...

And the day of vengeance of our God (Daniel's Seventieth Week , Great Tribulation) To comfort all (all would include Gentiles who are saved out of the Great Tribulation) who mourn,3 To grant those who mourn in Zion (this speaks especially to the Jews who are saved at His return), Giving them a garland instead of ashes, The oil of gladness instead of mourning, The mantle of praise instead of a spirit of fainting. So they will be called oaks of righteousness, The planting of the LORD, that He may be glorified.

Maranatha, Our Lord, come! (1Cor 16:22)